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Umm Kulthum bint Muhammed Umm Kulthum was born six years before Prophet Muhammad’s prophethood. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) married Umm Kulthum to Uthman (may Allah be pleased with him) after her sister Ruqayyah had died; Umm Kulthum was the second daughter of the Prophet who married Uthman. For this reason, Uthman was called the Posessor of Two Lights. Umm Kulthum remained with Uthman (may Allah be pleased with him) until Umm Kulthum died in Shaban of the ninth year after Hijrah, although she did not have any children from him. Umm Kulthum was buried next to her sister Ruqayyah (may Allah be pleased with them both). Umm Kulthum was born six years before Prophet Muhammad’s prophethood. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) married Umm Kulthum to Uthman (may Allah be pleased with him) after her sister Ruqayyah had died; Umm Kulthum was the second daughter of the Prophet who married Uthman. For this reason, Uthman was called the Posessor of Two Lights. Umm Kulthum remained with Uthman (may Allah be pleased with him) until Umm Kulthum died in Shaban of the ninth year after Hijrah, although she did not have any children from him. Umm Kulthum was buried next to her sister Ruqayyah (may Allah be pleased with them both).

The persecution of Prophet Muhammad in 4 BH The Prophet (peace be upon him) was sent when Quraysh used to worship idols, boast about their ancestry, lineage and wealth, enslave the common folk, and give full rein to their lusts and desires. As a result, they naturally tried to stop the Prophet’s call in any way they could. The disbelievers were not satisfied with just denying the Islamic call; they employed many methods to confront and repel it. These ways included ridiculing and mocking Islam and the Prophet (peace be upon him), and those who followed him. One time they claimed that the Prophet (peace be upon him) was bewitched, another time that he was a lying sorcerer, and a third time that he was a crazy poet…and they spread other different charges and contradictory claims, all of which only proved that they were lying and making up false claims. Whenever they saw the Prophet (peace be upon him), they used to look at him with anger and infuriation, as Allah (Glorified is He) relates, {And the disbelievers would almost trip you up with their eyes when they hear the Message; and they say, ‘Surely, he is possessed!’} [Surah Al-Qalam: 51]. They used to also laugh at the Prophet (peace be upon him) when they saw him, sarcastically saying, as Allah (Glorified is He) relates, {Is this the one who talks about your gods?} [Surah Al-Anbiya: 36]. And whenever they saw any weak Companions, they used to sarcastically and mockingly say, {Is it these who Allah has favoured from among us?} [Surah Al-Anam: 53]. When their ridicule and mockery which they employed to stop this religion failed, they resorted to trying to stop people listening to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the noble Quran, as whenever the truth from Allah (Glorified is He) reaches people, they quickly believe in it. Therefore, they used to raise their voices whenever they heard the Quran, and make loud noises whenever they saw the Prophet (peace be upon him) trying to call someone to Allah (Glorified is He) or trying to recite Quran to him. The disbelievers used to encourage each other to do this. Allah (Glorified is He) says, {The disbelievers say, ‘Listen not to this Quran, but talk at random in the middle of its [recitation], that you may gain the upper hand!’} [Surah Fussilat: 26]. But the Prophet (peace be upon him) continued to call people to Allah (Glorified is He), confronting his enemies, Quraysh and its leaders, and their efforts to stop the call. They purposefully raised arguments and spread doubts about the religion, especially about the resurrection after death. They were skeptical about it, use to put forward arguments against it, and claim it was only an ancient myth. Allah (Glorified is He) relates what they used to say, {What! When we die and become dust and bones, could we really be raised up again!} [Surah Al-Mominoon: 82]. Allah (Glorified is He) relates that they used to also say, {Shall we show you a man who tells you that when you are all scattered to pieces after total disintegration, you shall [then be raised] in a new creation?} [Surah Saba: 7]. However, the Quran used to refute their wrong ideas and views, giving rational replies in more than one ayah, all of which they could not contest in the least. One such example of these ayahs is Allah’s saying, {And he makes comparisons for Us and forgets his own creation. He says, ‘Who can give life to [dry] bones and decomposed ones [at that]?’ Say, ‘He will give them Life Who created them the first time! For He fully knows all creation’} [Surah Yasin: 78, 79]. When this method of trying to stop Islam and the call failed, Quraysh began to try to physically harm the Prophet (peace be upon him) and his Companions (may Allah be pleased with them), believing that by harming the Prophet (peace be upon him) and torturing his Companions the believers would weaken and therefore submit to them and obey them. But all of this was of no avail, as it is impossible to remove faith that had mixed with the inner structure of the heart from a heart and mind which has tasted the sweetness of faith! Below are examples of how the polytheists harmed the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them): -One day, Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) stood up to give a sermon in the mosque in Mecca, so the disbelievers hit him severely. One of those who hit him was Atabah ibn Rabi’ah, who hit Abu Bakr on his face with two open sandals until one could not distinguish his nose from his face. Bani Tameem came to help Abu Bakr, pushing the disbelievers away from him. They then carried him, wrapped in a cloak, to his house. They feared that Abu Bakr might die, and took an oath that if he did die they would kill Atabah ibn Rabi’ah. -Uthman ibn Affan’s uncle used to wrap Uthman (may Allah be pleased with him) up in a mat made of palm leaves, and then put a fire under it. It has been reported that when he entered Islam, his uncle Al-Hakim ibn Abu Al-Aas ibn Omayyah tied him up strongly and swore that he would not free him until he left Islam. Therefore, Uthman swore that he would not leave Islam. When his uncle saw how determined Uthman was in remaining a Muslim, he let him free. -When Musaib ibn Umair’s mother learnt that Musaib (may Allah be pleased with him) had embraced Islam, she starved him and then pushed him out of her house. He used to have very many luxuries in his life before Islam, but after the torture his skin became as rough as the skin of a snake. The Companions used to even carry him because he had become so weak. - When Abu Dharr Al-Ghafari (may Allah be pleased with him) heard about the Prophet (peace be upon him), he travelled to Mecca to ask about the Prophet. The people of Mecca hit him until he fell unconscious. He nearly died from the beating. Abbas saved him from his attackers. -As for Bilal ibn Rabah (may Allah be pleased with him), he was Umayyah ibn Khalaf Al-Jumahi’s slave. Bilal’s master used to torture Bilal by throwing him on the sand on his face or back and then placing a huge stone on his chest. That was when the sun was at its hottest at the time of mid-day. He would then say to Bilal, "You will not be released from this until you die or disbelieve in Muhammed and worship Al-Lat and Al-Uzza." But Bilal remained patient and just kept repeating, "One; one." Eventually, Abu Bakr bought him, giving Umayyah a polytheistic slave he had. After that, Abu Bakr freed Bilal. Moreover, Ammar and his mother and father Yasser (may Allah be pleased with them) used to be taken to the wilderness when the sand there had become very hot, and torture them with the hot sand. The Prophet (peace be upon him) passed by them when they were being tortured and said to them, Yasser (may Allah be pleased with him) died from the torture. As for Somaya (may Allah be pleased with her), she had talked roughly to Abu Jahl, so he stabbed her with his weapon in her private parts and she died as a martyr. She was the first martyr in Islam. The enemies of Islam intensified their torture of Ammar (may Allah be pleased with him), torturing him in many different ways—one time dragging him on the ground, another time with a stone on his chest, and a third time immersing him in water until he nearly drowned, saying to him that they would not leave him until he reviled the Prophet (peace be upon him) and spoke well about Al-Uzza and Al-Lat. He said what they asked him to say, and so they stopped torturing him. But he went at once to the Prophet (peace be upon him), crying. The Prophet (peace be upon him) asked him, <‘What has happened?’ Ammar replied, ‘Something very bad, Oh Prophet. Such-and-such happened.’ The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, ‘What do you feel in your heart?’ Ammar said, ‘I am convinced of the faith.’ The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, ‘Oh Ammar, if they put you to the same torture again, you may utter the same words.’ Then Allah (Glorified is He) revealed the following from Surah Al-Nahl, {Anyone who, after accepting faith in Allah, utters disbelief–except under compulsion, his heart remaining firm in faith–but such as open their breast to disbelief, on them is wrath from Allah} [Surah Al-Nahl: 106]. -As for Khubbab ibn Al-Arat (may Allah be pleased with him), a sixth example of those early Muslims that were tortured, the polytheists tortured him severely; they used to burn his back with burning coal and stones that had been heated by fire, and twist his neck. Amer ibn Faheera (may Allah be pleased with him) embraced Islam early in the call, before the Prophet (peace be upon him) established Dar Al-Arqam. He was not of high position in Mecca, so they tortured him severely, but this did not make him leave Islam. He used to look after Abu Bakr’s sheep. Abu Fakeehah (may Allah be pleased with him), whose name was Abu Yasar, was Safwan ibn Umaiyah ibn Khalaf Al-Jumahi’s slave. He embraced Islam with Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him). Umaiyah ibn Khalaf took him and tied a rope around his legs, and then ordered someone to pull him. Next, he threw him into some burning coals and let some insects pass by him. Umaiyah then said to him, "Is this not your Lord?" Abu Yasar then said, "Allah is my Lord and your Lord, and the Lord of this, too." Therefore, Umaiyah strangled him strongly. Umaiyah’s brother, Abu ibn Khalaf, was with Umaiyah at the time. He said, "Torture him more until Muhammed comes to save him with his magic." They continued to torture him until he fell unconscious and they thought he had died. He later regained his consciousness and Abu Bakr, the truthful one, bought him and freed him. With regards to the believing women, Zeinab, Um Ubais, Labeeba and An-Nahadiya, they were similarly tortured very severely by their masters, but they did not leave their religion, may Allah be pleased with them [adapted from the Blessed Garden].

hilf al fudul Al-Fudul Confederacy As a result of the war, the Halif Al-Fudool was laid down. The aim of this covenant was to fight the fanatical rage of the time of ignorance which kept stirring conflicts between the different tribes. During the sacred month of Al-Qadah, the tribes of Quraysh called for this treaty. The tribes were Bani Hashim, Bani Al-Muttalib, Asid ibn Abdul-Uza, Zahra ibn Kilab and Taym ibn Murah. They gathered in Abdullah ibn Jud’an At-Taymy’s house. There they agreed on and wrote up a covenant that stated that any oppressed person in Mecca, whether he was from Mecca itself or from any other city, would be supported against the one who oppressed him until the oppressor gave the oppressed his rights. Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him) witnessed this covenant. This great treaty left a deep impression on Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him), as it was a humane treaty which called for good and noble manners. After Allah (Glorified is He) sent Prophet Muhammed as a Messenger, Prophet Muhammed talked about this agreement, praising it. He said, «In Abdullah ibn Jud’an’s house, I witnessed a covenant which is more beloved to me than a prized red camel. If I was called to uphold it after Islam came, I would have agreed (to do so)» [related by Al-Bayhaqi].

Al-Fijar battle harb ul fijar When Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him) was fifteen (some reports say twenty), there was a battle during the Okaz fair between Quraysh (with Kanana) and Hawazin. The battle was called Al-Fijar battle. The reason for the battle was that one of the tribes of Bani Kanana called Al-Barrad caught three men from Qays Ailan. This news reached Okaz which made the two sides annoyed. The leader of both Quraysh and Kanana was Harb ibn Omayah, as he was one of their elders and the most respected one in the tribe. At the beginning of the day, victory leaned towards Qays over Kanana, but by the middle of the day, Qays was surrounded. Then some of Quraysh called for peace. They said the tribes had to add the number of the dead on the two sides, and the side who had more dead men would take more blood money. They agreed with this and so stopped the battle, and the enmity and bad feelings between them disappeared. This conflict was called the Fijar battle as it was carried out during a sacred month in which fighting was not allowed. Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him) was present in this battle; he (peace be upon him) used to collect and prepare the arrows that were thrown during the encounter.

Musab ibn Umair, the first ambassador of Islam, in 12 BH The group then returned to Medinah, so the Prophet (peace be upon him) sent Mus’ab ibn Umair (may Allah be pleased with him) with them. Consequently, he was the first ambassador in Islam. The Prophet (peace be upon him) ordered him to recite Quran to them, teach them Islam, and explain Allah’s religion to them. Mus’ab was known in Medinah as a reciter. He stayed with Asad ibn Zurarah, and he used to lead the people in prayer, as Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj did not like that one from the other tribe would lead them in prayer [adapted from The Prophet’s Biography by Ibn Hesham]. Many of Al-Ansar embraced Islam due to him. Before the Hajj season in the thirteenth year of the call, Mus’ab ibn Umair returned to Mecca to tell the Prophet (peace be upon him) what had happened with regards to the success and help from Allah in his task [adapted from The Blessed Garden]. This victory was the result of the fruits of eleven years of effort, exertion and patient perseverance, until the way out of difficulties eventually came. Allah (Glorified is He) could have easily formed an Islamic society without this exertion, but this is the way of Allah (sunnah) with His slaves. It is possible to notice that the conditions of the first pledge did not entail only the first two testimonies of faith, but also ways and dealings of the individuals with each other. This is one of the aims of worship, and one of the reasons one performs worship. This clarifies that the responsibility of the call is not limited to only the Prophets and Messengers, but it is the responsibility of every muslim. One example which illustrated this is the mission of Mus’ab ibn Umair, although the Prophet (peace be upon him) was alive at that time [adapted from The Sealed Nectar].

Prophet Muhammad's marriage to Sawda bint Zamʿa in 10 BH In the month of Shawwal in this year, the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) married Sawdah bint Zam’a. She was the first one the Messenger of Allah married after Khadijah died.

The honesty of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him The truthfulness of Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him) when angry and calm Abdullah ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) said, I used to write down everything I heard from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) as I wanted to preserve it, but the people of Quraish discouraged me from doing this. They said, ‘You write down everything and the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) is a human who speaks when angry and when calm?!’ Consequently, I stopped writing down such things and told the Messenger of Allah about what had happened. He (peace be upon him) pointed with his finger to his [own] mouth and said, ‘Write, as I swear by the One Who holds my life in His Hands that I say nothing but the truth. related by Ahmed.

wives of prophet muhammad 1.Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (may Allah be pleased with her) 2. Sawda bint Zamʿa 3. Aisha bint Abu Bakr 4. Hafsa bint Umar 5.Zaynab bint Khuzayma 6.Hind bint Abu Umayya (Um Salamah) 7. Ramla bint Abu Sufyan (Um Habeebah) 8. Juwayriyya bint Al Harith 9.Maymunah bint Al Harith 10.Safiyya bint Huyayy 11. Zaynab bint Jahsh

The patience of Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him How can we follow the example of the Prophet (peace be upon him) 1.Read the Prophet’s biography and ponder over how patient he was during difficulties and crises that came his way. You have, with the Prophet (peace be upon him), a good example to follow. 2.If you are harmed in your person or your family have been harmed, you are not the only one who has experienced such pain; remember your Prophet (peace be upon him) and how he suffered more than that and remained patient, and make your heart long for the blessings Allah gives the patient ones. 3.Be patient just as he (peace be upon him) used to be patient, and how the resolute Messengers used to be patient. And remember that Allah gives more rewards for patience than He gives for other good deeds. In fact, He gives rewards for it without measure Indeed, the patient will be given their reward without measure Surah Zumor: 10. 4.Do not let obstacles and problems deter you from calling others to Allah, and know that Indeed, victory comes with patience as the Prophet (peace be upon him) told us. related by Ahmed. 5.Be perseverant in avoiding sins, even though your desires may want otherwise. And be patient in performing acts of obedience, even though you may find it difficult. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, Paradise has been surrounded by hardships and hell-fire has been surrounded by temptations related by Muslim

The Ruling about the Person who Withholds Zakah(zakat rules) The person who withholds Zakat is the one who withholds Zakah either by denying its obligation[ Denying: i.e. by refuting its obligation] or by being stingy: 1- A person withholding Zakat through denial Anybody who denies the obligation of Zakah has disbelieved in the totality of Islam according to the consensus of the Ummah, if he has been informed about its obligation: this is because he/she has belied Allah and His Messenger. 2- A person withholding Zakat through stinginess Who withholds his Zakat due to stinginess, but not due to a denial of its obligation, Zakat should be taken from him by force, and he is not considered as having become an unbeliever, although he has committed one of the great sins and a tremendous (very grave) act. This is in accordance with the Prophet’s statement ﷺ concerning the person withholding Zakah: “Every owner of either gold or silver who does not pay his due will be called to account on the Day of Ressurection and plates of fire will be prepared for him. These plates are then heated over the raging flames of Hell Fire (Jahannam)...., whenever they become cold, the process is repeated all over again. This happens on a day that measures fifty thousand (50,000) years, until all the servants have been judged. Afterward, he will be shown his fate – either Heaven or Hell.” [ Source: Muslim] Furthermore while still alive, if one refuses point blank to pay Zakah, he has to be fought until he succumbs to the order of Allah Almighty and pays Zakah. Allah Almighty says: “However if they repent and perform as-Salat and give Zakah, then leave their way free. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” (At-Taubah: 5) The Prophet ﷺ said: “ I have been ordered to wage war against men until they bear witness that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and observe as-Salat, and pay Zakah; when they have done these, then their blood and property are safe from me (i.e. not to be touched), except if the right of Islam is at stake, and their judgment lies only with Allah.” [ Agreed Upon] Abu Bakr indeed waged war against those who withheld Zakah, saying: “By Allah, I would definitely fight against him who makes a difference between prayer and Zakat, for it is the obligation upon the rich; and by Allah, if they were to withhold a camel-cord which they used to pay (as Zakah) to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, I will fight them for withholding it.” [ Source: Muslim]

The Ruling about the Person who Withholds Zakah(zakat rules) The person who withholds Zakat is the one who withholds Zakah either by denying its obligation[ Denying: i.e. by refuting its obligation] or by being stingy: 1- A person withholding Zakat through denial Anybody who denies the obligation of Zakah has disbelieved in the totality of Islam according to the consensus of the Ummah, if he has been informed about its obligation: this is because he/she has belied Allah and His Messenger. 2- A person withholding Zakat through stinginess Who withholds his Zakat due to stinginess, but not due to a denial of its obligation, Zakat should be taken from him by force, and he is not considered as having become an unbeliever, although he has committed one of the great sins and a tremendous (very grave) act. This is in accordance with the Prophet’s statement ﷺ concerning the person withholding Zakah: “Every owner of either gold or silver who does not pay his due will be called to account on the Day of Ressurection and plates of fire will be prepared for him. These plates are then heated over the raging flames of Hell Fire (Jahannam)...., whenever they become cold, the process is repeated all over again. This happens on a day that measures fifty thousand (50,000) years, until all the servants have been judged. Afterward, he will be shown his fate – either Heaven or Hell.” [ Source: Muslim] Furthermore while still alive, if one refuses point blank to pay Zakah, he has to be fought until he succumbs to the order of Allah Almighty and pays Zakah. Allah Almighty says: “However if they repent and perform as-Salat and give Zakah, then leave their way free. Verily, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” (At-Taubah: 5) The Prophet ﷺ said: “ I have been ordered to wage war against men until they bear witness that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and observe as-Salat, and pay Zakah; when they have done these, then their blood and property are safe from me (i.e. not to be touched), except if the right of Islam is at stake, and their judgment lies only with Allah.” [ Agreed Upon] Abu Bakr indeed waged war against those who withheld Zakah, saying: “By Allah, I would definitely fight against him who makes a difference between prayer and Zakat, for it is the obligation upon the rich; and by Allah, if they were to withhold a camel-cord which they used to pay (as Zakah) to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, I will fight them for withholding it.” [ Source: Muslim]

Description of salatul istisqa 1- It should be prayed as a two-raka’at Salat with neither the Adhan nor Iqamah. Recitations in both raka’ats are said aloud. 2- The person observing this Salat says the takbeer seven times in the first rak’ah after the initiating takbeer. In the second rak’ah, he says five takbeers apart from the one he says while standing up from the prostration. 3- He raises his hands with each takbeer, praises Allah and extols Him. He also seeks blessings upon the Prophet ﷺ between each takbeer. 4- After the Salat, the imam delivers a single sermon in which he seeks a great deal of forgiveness and recites Al-Qur’an over and over. Thereafter he supplicates, saying many of the authentic supplications of the Prophet ﷺ, with insistence, showing humility, helplessness and demonstrating how powerless he is in front of Allah (the Most High), raising his hands up even higher (than he does in ordinary supplications). 5- The imam faces the Qiblah, turns his cloak inside out, placing what is on the right on the left, and that of the left on the right, while he continues to supplicate to Allah.

Description of ghusl The obligation in taking a ghusl is to wash the entire body with water with the intention of purification. This can be done in any manner possible, but emulating the way of the Prophet ﷺ is recommended. This is the way the Prophet ﷺ took a bath, as described by one of the Mothers of the believers, Maymunah (may Allah be pleased with her): “The Prophet ﷺ placed water for bathing on the ground and then used a handful of water to rub his right hand over his left hand twice or thrice. He then washed his private parts and then beat his hands on the ground or against the wall twice or thrice. Next, he rinsed out his mouth and nose, and washed his face and arms. After that he poured water over his head and then washed the remainder of his body. Finally, he moved aside and washed his feet. Then she said: “Then I offered him a piece of cloth to wipe his body, but he refused (to take it). He wiped the remaining water off his body using his hands.” [ narrated by Al-Bukhari.] Thus, the description is as follows: 1- The hands are washed twice or thrice. 2- The private parts are washed. 3- The hands are beaten on the ground or against a wall two or three times. 4- Wudu’ is performed with the exclusion of the head and feet. 5- Water is poured on the head 6- The remaining part of the body is washed. 7- The legs are washed after moving slightly to the side.

janazah prayer steps 1- Standing if possible. 2- Saying four takbeers. 3- Reciting suratu al-Fatiha. 4- Sending blessings upon the Prophet (may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.) 5- Praying for the deceased. 6- Performing the aforementioned in the stated sequence. 7- Saying at-Tasleem.

Description of At-Tayamum 1- Strike the soil with both hands, once. 2- Then blow into the palms of the hands to reduce the particles therein. 3- Next wipe the face with the palms, once. 4- Then wipe the back of both hands, by wiping the back of the right hand with the palm of the left and vice versa. The proof for at-tayammum and its description is the hadeeth of Ammar. He said: “Indeed the Prophet ﷺ struck the earth lightly with the palms of his hands, then blew in them (to blow off the extra dust) and wiped his face and hands with them.” [ agreed upon.] He strikes the dirt (earth) with both of his hands once. He blows excess dirt from his hands. He wipes his face with both hands. He wipes his left hand with his right hand. He wipes his right hand with his left hand.